Research

Landauer’s principle formulated in 1961 states that logical irreversibility implies physical irreversibility and demonstrated that information is physical. A new of mass-energy-information (M-E-I) equivalence principle proposes that a bit of information is not just physical, as already demonstrated, but it has a finite and quantifiable mass while it stores information. The M-E-I equivalence principle proposed in 2019 is an extension of Landauer’s principle stating that, if information is equivalent to energy, according to Landauer, and if energy is equivalent to mass, according to Einstein’s special relativity, then the triad of mass, energy and information must all be equivalent, too (i.e. if M = E and E = I, then M = E = I). The M-E-I equivalence principle generated a number of interesting ramifications in physics including the concept of information being the fifth state of matter in the universe and possibly the missing dark matter. In this framework, it was shown that the mass of a bit of information at room temperature (300K) is 3.19 x 10^ -38 Kg. 

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5123794 

The mass-energy-information equivalence principle and the information content of the observable matter in the universe, represent two important conjectures, called the information conjectures. Combining information theory and physical principles of thermodynamics, these theoretical proposals made specific predictions about the mass of information, as well as the most probable information content per elementary particle. This experimental protocol allows empirical verification of the information conjectures, by confirming the predicted information content of elementary particles. The experiment involves a matter – antimatter annihilation process. When electron – positron annihilates, in addition to the two 511 keV gamma photons resulting from the conversion of their rest masses into energy, we predict that two additional low energy photons should be detected, resulting from their information content erasure. At room temperature, a positron – electron annihilation should produce two ~50 mm wavelength infrared photons due to the information erasure. This experiment could therefore confirm both information conjectures and the existence of information as the 5th state of matter in the universe. 

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0087175 

Link to support our experiment 

Currently we produce ~1021 digital bits of information annually on Earth. Assuming 20% annual growth rate, we estimate that ~350 years from now, the number of bits produced will exceed the number of all atoms on Earth, ~1050. After ~246 years, the power required to sustain this digital production will exceed 18.5 TW, i.e. the total planetary power consumption today, and ~500 years from now the digital content will account for more than half of the Earth’s mass, according to the mass-energy-information equivalence principle. Besides the existing global challenges, our estimates point to another singularity event for our planet, called the Information Catastrophe.

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0019941 

The current scientific consensus is that genetic mutations are random processes. According to the Darwinian theory of evolution, only natural selection determines which mutations are beneficial in the course of evolution, and there is no deterministic correlation between any parameter and the probability that these mutations will occur or not. Investigating RNA genetic sequences of the SARS-CoV-2 virus using Shannon’s information theory a previously unobserved relationship between the information entropy of genomes and their mutation dynamics has been observed. This allowed the formulation of a governing law of genetic mutations, stating that genomes undergo genetic mutations over time driven by a tendency to reduce their overall information entropy, challenging the existing Darwinian paradigm. This is a paradigm shift in genetic technologies, as it opens up to developing a deterministic way of predicting genetics mutations before they occur. It has massive implication for pandemic monitoring, virology, cancer research, genetic therapies, evolution theory, etc 

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/14/6912 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378437121006567?via%3Dihub 

One of the most powerful laws in physics is the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of any isolated system remains constant or increases over time. In fact, the second law is applicable to the evolution of the entire universe and Clausius stated, “The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum”. New research in the time evolution of information systems, defined as physical systems containing information states within Shannon’s information theory framework, allowed the introduction of the second law of information dynamics (infodynamics). The data demonstrates that the second law of infodynamics requires the information entropy to remain constant or to decrease over time. This is exactly the opposite to the evolution of the physical entropy, as dictated by the second law of thermodynamics. The surprising result has massive implications for future developments in genomic research, evolutionary biology, computing, big data, physics and cosmology. 

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0100358 

The simulation hypothesis is a philosophical theory, in which the entire universe and our objective reality are just simulated constructs. Despite the lack of evidence, this idea is gaining traction in scientific circles as well as in the entertainment industry. Recent scientific developments in the field of information physics, such as the publication of the mass-energy-information equivalence principle, appear to support this possibility. In particular, the 2022 discovery of the second law of information dynamics (infodynamics) facilitates new and interesting research tools at the intersection between physics and information. In this work we re-examine the second law of infodynamics and its applicability to digital information, genetic information, atomic physics, mathematical symmetries, and cosmology, and we provide scientific evidence that appears to underpin the simulated universe hypothesis.  

https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0173278 

https://youtu.be/-OJ8GoEiTgo 

https://youtu.be/8Z9DQ3xEkGo 

The information capacity of the universe has been a topic of great debate since the 1970s and continues to stimulate multiple branches of physics research. Using Shannon’s information theory, the amount of encoded information in all the visible matter in the universe has been estimated. This was achieved by deriving a detailed formula estimating the total number of particles in the observable universe, known as the Eddington number, and by estimating the amount of information stored by each particle about itself. Each particle in the observable universe contains ∼1.509 bits of information and there are ∼6 × 1080 bits of information stored in all the matter particles of the observable universe. Media coverage here. 

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0064475 

The introduction of digital data storage changed the way we produce, manipulate and store information. The transition point took place in 1996 when digital storage became more cost-effective for storing information than paper. Digital data storage technologies are very diverse. Most notable are magnetic storage (HDD, tape), optical discs (CD, DVD, Blu-Ray) and semiconductor memories (SSD, flash drive). Each type of memory is more useful to specific applications. Semiconductor memories are the preferred choice for portable electronics, optical storage is mostly used for movies, software and gaming, while magnetic data storage remains the dominant technology for high-capacity information storage, including personal computers and data servers. The recent growth in information production appears unstoppable. Each day on Earth we generate 500 million tweets, 294 billion emails, 4 million gigabytes of Facebook data, 65 billion WhatsApp messages and 720,000 hours of new content added daily on YouTube. In 2018, the total amount of data created, captured, copied and consumed in the world was 33 zettabytes (ZB) – the equivalent of 33 trillion gigabytes. This grew to 59ZB in 2020 and is predicted to reach a mind-boggling 175ZB by 2025. One zettabyte is 8,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits.

Read the full article here.

The Entropic Barcoding Technology is the subject of a recent UK patent filed under a collaborative project involving IPI, UoP and a third party company (Patent Application Number: GB2304794.7, 31/03/2023). The proposed technology uses the concept of entropy of data in the framework of Shannon’s information theory to transform any data set (including digital) by simultaneously compressing its digital footprint size, irreversibly encrypting and labelling the data, while also facilitating a unique methodology for data integrity checking, data validation, fraud detection and fast identification via laser barcode scanning. The novel method of generating an Entropic Barcode of a dataset is based on the computation of the Shannon’s Information Entropy (IEs) of that dataset. The obtained Entropic Barcode is a true and unique representation of the information contained within the dataset, converted into a compressed numerical set that can be used for further data processing on its own, or as a graphical optically readable 2D barcode. The technology could be used to generate Entropic Barcodes of any kind of dataset, including genomic sequences and digital data files. We seek funding or collaborations to further develop the technology for commercialisation. For details, please contact us at: information.physics.institute@gmail.com 

The storage, transmission, and processing of data become significant problems when large digital data files or databases are involved, as in the case of decentralized online global databases such as blockchain. In this article a novel method is proposed that allows for the scalability of digital assets, including blockchain databases in the download, validation, and confidentiality processes, by developing a lightweight blockchain technology called Entropic Blockchain.  This is a computer-implemented mathematical method to generate an information-entropic numerical barcode representation of a digital asset. Using this technique, a 1–2 Mb block of digital data can be represented by a few bytes, significantly reducing the size of a blockchain. The entropic barcode file can be utilized on its own or as an optically machine-readable entropic barcode for secure data transmission, processing, labeling, identification, and one-way encryption, as well as for compression, validation, and digital tamper-proof checks. The mathematics of this process and all the steps involved in its implementation are discussed in detail in this article.  We seek funding or collaborations to further develop the technology for commercialisation. For details, please contact us at: information.physics.institute@gmail.com 

Using the second law of information dynamics and the mass–energy–information equivalence principle, we show that gravitational attraction manifests as a requirement to reduce the information entropy of matter objects in space. This is another example of data compression and computational optimization in our universe, which supports the possibility of a simulated or computational universe. Here, we derive Newton’s gravitational force from information dynamics and show that gravity emerges as an entropic information force governed by the second law of infodynamics. This is fully aligned with Verlinde’s entropic gravity studies published in 2011 but is demonstrated here via a different approach. 

Link to read the full article. 

Black holes are qubits, the basic units of quantum information, in equal superposition of two energy eigenstates of a black hole Hamiltonian. This research shows that a merger of two black holes converts such qubits into one. The black hole qubits must be orthogonal to merge, not to violate the no-deleting theorem that asserts the impossibility of deleting quantum information. 

https://doi.org/10.3389/frqst.2025.1656200 

Using Lagrange multiplier formalism, we derive the condition for minimum information entropy in a system of fixed size. This occurs when all elements have equal multiplicity. Applying this result to two-dimensional polygons, we demonstrate that zero-symmetry configurations maximise entropy, while maximally symmetric shapes correspond to minimum entropy states. We show that although entropy increases with geometric descriptor complexity for asymmetric shapes, it remains invariant for maximally symmetric configurations. These results provide a quantitative basis for the association between symmetry and low information entropy, within the broader framework of information dynamics and entropy minimisation principles.  

https://doi.org/10.3390/e28050564 

Language diversity decline has been theoretically studied in this paper using a simple mathematical model. Our simulations are consistent with data showing the dynamics of decline in global Indigenous Linguistic Diversity (ILD) in America and Africa, for the time segment 1970 to 2005. Results consistently indicate that the dominant language population grows over time at the expense of the minority language populations, to the point of complete language extinctions over a sufficiently long period of time. The process is applicable at local geographical areas, countries, continents and possibly at planetary scale over very large periods of time. We also tested our model on the Inuktut language in Nunavut and the predictions on the linguistic evolution of the Inuktut language are rather accurately within 8% error margin of the real data. Most interestingly, we also show that this process is formally compatible with the second law of info-dynamics, because the linguistic diversity decline is associated with a reduction in the total information entropy of all languages in circulation. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2026.2700273